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81.
F. Bardelli P. Costagliola F. Di Benedetto P. Lattanzi M. Romanelli 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(11):3011-3023
As-bearing travertine rocks from Tuscany (Italy), where previous studies suggested the existence of a CO32− ⇔ AsO33− substitution in the calcite lattice, were investigated with X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at the As K-edge (11,867 eV). In two of the studied samples, XANES indicates that As is in the 5+ oxidation state only, and EXAFS analysis reveals a local environment typical of arsenate species. For these samples, the lack of detectable second shell signals suggests a poorly ordered environment, possibly corresponding to an adsorption onto oxide and/or silicate phases. On the other hand, in the third sample XANES reveals a mixed As oxidation state (III and V). This sample also presents evident next nearest neighbor coordination shells, attributed to As-Ca and As-As contributions. The occurrence of next neighbor shells is evidence that part of As is incorporated in an ordered lattice. Furthermore, the local structure revealed by EXAFS is compatible with As incorporation in the calcite phase, as further supported by DFT simulations. The observation of next neighbors shells only in the As(III)-rich sample suggests the substitution of the arsenite group in place of the carbonate one (CO32− ⇔ AsO33−). The conclusion of this work is that uptake of As by calcite is in general less favored than adsorption onto iron oxhydroxides, but could become environmentally important wherever the latter phenomenon is hindered. 相似文献
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吐格尔明背斜核部花岗岩的年代学、地球化学与构造环境及其对塔里木地块北缘古生代伸展聚敛旋回的揭示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
塔里木盆地北缘库车坳陷东部地区吐格尔明背斜核部花岗岩发育,该套花岗岩侵位于以云母石英片岩为主的元古界基底岩系中,上覆的三叠系以角度不整合与其接触。本区花岗岩的研究对揭示库车地区的基底性质与构造演化历史具有重要意义。对吐格尔明花岗岩锆石的U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学的研究表明, 吐格尔明背斜核部的花岗岩锆石为典型岩浆成因锆石,其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果分别为626.4±5.2Ma~643.3±4.0Ma,表明它们的形成时代为新元古代晚期埃迪卡拉纪早期。该套花岗岩的SiO2 (67.95%~78.59%)和Al2O3 (11.81%~16.21%) 含量均很高,A/CNK在1.2~1.6,为硅和铝过饱和类型,属典型的过铝质花岗岩;稀土元素总量为106×10-6~207×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有明显的负Eu异常;高场强元素(Ta、Nb、Ti等)具有明显的负异常,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等) 具有明显的正异常。吐格尔明花岗岩是由地壳物质在底侵热源或构造动力作用下引起的局部熔融形成的,属典型的壳源成因类型,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转化阶段,推测塔里木北缘在震旦纪已开始伸展,代表了古亚洲洋早期的伸展构造环境。实验测得花岗岩钾长石40Ar/39Ar年龄平均为291.4~255.8Ma,代表了花岗岩的隆升剥蚀年龄,反映出吐格尔明花岗岩在二叠纪受到挤压发生剥露的过程。因而从年代学框架上更好地约束了塔里木地块北缘在古生代由伸展裂解到聚敛隆升的构造旋回。 相似文献
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Andrea Bistacchi W. Ashley Griffith Steven A. F. Smith Giulio Di Toro Richard Jones Stefan Nielsen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(12):2345-2363
Fault surface roughness is a principal factor influencing earthquake mechanics, and particularly rupture initiation, propagation, and arrest. However, little data currently exist on fault surfaces at seismogenic depths. Here, we investigate the roughness of slip surfaces from the seismogenic strike-slip Gole Larghe Fault Zone, exhumed from ca. 10 km depth. The fault zone exploited pre-existing joints and is hosted in granitoid rocks of the Adamello batholith (Italian Alps). Individual seismogenic slip surfaces generally show a first phase of cataclasite production, and a second phase with beautifully preserved pseudotachylytes of variable thickness. We determined the geometry of fault traces over almost five orders of magnitude using terrestrial laser-scanning (LIDAR, ca. 500 to <1 m scale), and 3D mosaics of high-resolution rectified digital photographs (10 m to ca. 1 mm scale). LIDAR scans and photomosaics were georeferenced in 3D using a Differential Global Positioning System, allowing detailed multiscale reconstruction of fault traces in Gocad®. The combination of LIDAR and high-resolution photos has the advantage, compared with classical LIDAR-only surveys, that the spatial resolution of rectified photographs can be very high (up to 0.2 mm/pixel in this study), allowing for detailed outcrop characterization. Fourier power spectrum analysis of the fault traces revealed a self-affine behaviour over 3–5 orders of magnitude, with Hurst exponents ranging between 0.6 and 0.8. Parameters from Fourier analysis have been used to reconstruct synthetic 3D fault surfaces with an equivalent roughness by means of 2D Fourier synthesis. Roughness of pre-existing joints is in a typical range for this kind of structure. Roughness of faults at small scale (1 m to 1 mm) shows a clear genetic relationship with the roughness of precursor joints, and some anisotropy in the self-affine Hurst exponent. Roughness of faults at scales larger than net slip (>1–10 m) is not anisotropic and less evolved than at smaller scales. These observations are consistent with an evolution of roughness, due to fault surface processes, that takes place only at scales smaller or comparable to the observed net slip. Differences in roughness evolution between shallow and deeper faults, the latter showing evidences of seismic activity, are interpreted as the result of different weakening versus induration processes, which also result in localization versus delocalization of deformation in the fault zone. From a methodological point of view, the technique used here is advantageous over direct measurements of exposed fault surfaces in that it preserves, in cross-section, all of the structures which contribute to fault roughness, and removes any subjectivity introduced by the need to distinguish roughness of original slip surfaces from roughness induced by secondary weathering processes. Moreover, offsets can be measured by means of suitable markers and fault rocks are preserved, hence their thickness, composition and structural features can be characterised, providing an integrated dataset which sheds new light on mechanisms of roughness evolution with slip and concomitant fault rock production. 相似文献
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Steven A. F. Smith Andrea Billi Giulio Di Toro Richard Spiess 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(12):2365-2393
Earthquakes in central Italy, and in other areas worldwide, often nucleate within and rupture through carbonates in the upper crust. During individual earthquake ruptures, most fault displacement is thought to be accommodated by thin principal slip zones. This study presents detailed microstructural observations of the slip zones of the seismically active Tre Monti normal fault zone. All of the slip zones cut limestone, and geological constraints indicate exhumation from <2?km depth, where ambient temperatures are ?100°C. Scanning electron microscope observations suggest that the slip zones are composed of 100% calcite. The slip zones of secondary faults in the damage zone contain protocataclastic and cataclastic fabrics that are cross-cut by systematic fracture networks and stylolite dissolution surfaces. The slip zone of the principal fault has much more microstructural complexity, and contains a 2?C10?mm thick ultracataclasite that lies immediately beneath the principal slip surface. The ultracataclasite itself is internally zoned; 200?C300???m-thick ultracataclastic sub-layers record extreme localization of slip. Syn-tectonic calcite vein networks spatially associated with the sub-layers suggest fluid involvement in faulting. The ultracataclastic sub-layers preserve compelling microstructural evidence of fluidization, and also contain peculiar rounded grains consisting of a central (often angular) clast wrapped by a laminated outer cortex of ultra-fine-grained calcite. These ??clast-cortex grains?? closely resemble those produced during layer fluidization in other settings, including the basal detachments of catastrophic landslides and saturated high-velocity friction experiments on clay-bearing gouges. An overprinting foliation is present in the slip zone of the principal fault, and electron backscatter diffraction analyses indicate the presence of a weak calcite crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) in the fine-grained matrix. The calcite c-axes are systematically inclined in the direction of shear. We suggest that fluidization of ultracataclastic sub-layers and formation of clast-cortex grains within the principal slip zone occurred at high strain rates during propagation of seismic ruptures whereas development of an overprinting CPO occurred by intergranular pressure solution during post-seismic creep. Further work is required to document the range of microstructures in localized slip zones that cross-cut different lithologies, and to compare natural slip zone microstructures with those produced in controlled deformation experiments. 相似文献